Understanding autism

What is autism?

Autism is present from birth, though it may not be recognised until later — particularly in people who mask, or whose presentation doesn't match outdated stereotypes. It is characterised by differences in social communication and interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests and sensory processing. No two autistic people are the same.

• Communication style
• Social understanding and interaction
• Sensory processing
• Need for predictability and routine
• Emotional regulation
• Information processing and attention

How autism is diagnosed

• A detailed developmental history
• Exploring current strengths and challenges
• Clinical interviews and observation
• Standardised tools such as ADI-R and ADOS-2
• Information from parents, partners or teachers where appropriate

Autism in children

• Differences in social communication
• Preference for routine
• Strong, focused interests
• Sensory sensitivities or seeking
• Distress during transitions
• Differences in play or friendships

Autism in adults

• Social exhaustion or burnout
• Difficulty maintaining relationships
• Sensory overload
• High anxiety in unpredictable situations
• Difficulty with change
• Feeling “different” without knowing why

Masking and late diagnosis

Masking means hiding autistic traits to fit in — copying social behaviours, rehearsing conversations, suppressing sensory responses or forcing eye contact. It often comes at a cost: chronic fatigue, burnout, anxiety or depression, and loss of identity. High masking is a common reason autism is identified later in life.

Why support matters

Autism often co-occurs with ADHD, dyslexia or dyspraxia, anxiety, depression, sleep difficulties and sensory or gastrointestinal differences. With understanding, adjustments and support, autistic people can thrive. Support focuses on reducing barriers and increasing self-understanding — not changing who someone is.